Mostly summarized from Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Economics, 5th Ed.
PART 7 Topics for Further Study
Chapter 21 of 36 The Theory of Consumer Choice
Section 6 of 26
…
Because indifference curves show a consumer's preferences, they have properties that reflect those preferences.
Next, we consider four properties of indifference curves.
Property 1 - higher (farther right) indifference curves are preferred to lower ones
Property 2 - indifference curves are downward sloping
Property 3 - indifference curves do not cross
Property 4 - indifference curves are bowed inward
…
Property 1 – higher (farther right) indifference curves are preferred to lower ones
This is because people usually prefer to consume more goods than less.
Figure 2 higher indifference curve I2 shows one can buy larger quantities of goods than lower indifference curve I1.
Higher income or lower prices allows movement from I1 to I2.
…
Property 2 - indifference curves are downward sloping
The slope of an indifference curve reflects the rate at which the consumer is willing to substitute one good for the other.
In most cases the consumer likes both goods.
If the quantity of one good is reduced, the quantity of the other good must increase for the consumer to be equally satisfied.
… …
substitute one good for another good
aru zai o betsu no zai ni okikaeru
Note - For Japanese to be considered for the main world language it must convert fully to use of Roman letters, so from now on will only post the romaji version here.
Two early history advances in most languages were replacing logogram characters with letters and putting spaces between words.
Japanese only partially uses its own “kana” alphabet letters in place of Chinese characters and does not use spaces.
Since it's perfectly phonetic, easy to pronounce, and borrows many words from other languages especially English, Japanese would be a great choice for the future universal language if it used Roman letters and spaces.
Notice:
-how choppy spoken Japanese sounds, making it easy to pronounce
-phrases written in Japanese using roman letters are usually shorter than written English, making it more efficient to write and speak
From Wikipedia: “In the Meiji era (1868–1912), some Japanese scholars including Nishi Amane advocated abolishing the Japanese writing system entirely and using romaji (Roman letters) instead.”
…
List of countries that fully switched to roman script:
Albania
Azerbaijan
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Malaysia
Moldova
Romania
Somalia
Tanzania
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Vietnam

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