Mostly summarized from Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Economics, 5th Ed.
PART 4 The Economics of the Public
Sector
Chapter 10 of 36 Externalities
Section 6 of 19
…
In the case of pollution externality, free
market inefficiency occurs because free market equilibrium includes only the
private costs of production with little or no concern about pollution.
Per Figure 2 one way for the social
planner to achieve the optimum equilibrium would be to tax aluminum producers B
– A amount for each ton of aluminum sold.
The tax shifts the supply curve for
aluminum upward by the size of the tax.
…
If the tax accurately reflects the
external cost of pollution released into the atmosphere the new supply curve
would be the full social-cost curve.
In the new optimum equilibrium aluminum
producers produce the socially optimal quantity of aluminum Qoptimum.
The use of such a tax is called “internalizing
the externality.”
With the tax consumers of aluminum demand
a smaller quantity because of the new higher after-tax price and therefore producers
produce less.
… …
producers produce less
seisan-sha seisan-ryō herasu
生産者生産量減らす
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