Wednesday 722

 

Mostly summarized from Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Economics, 5th Ed.
PART 9 The Real Economy in the Long Run
Chapter 28 of 36 Unemployment
Section 15 of 21
...
The role of unions partially depends on laws that govern union organization and collective bargaining.
Normally, overt agreements among a group creating a cartel are illegal.
If firms selling similar products agree to set high prices or set low wage levels the agreement is considered a conspiracy to restrain trade.
The government prosecutes the firms for violating antitrust laws.
...
However, unions are exempt from price-setting laws.
Policymakers generally believe workers need greater market power when they bargain with employers.
Some laws are designed to encourage union formation.
The Wagner Act of 1935 prevents employers from interfering when workers attempt to organize unions.
It requires employers to then bargain in good faith with unions.
The National Labor Relations Board is the federal government agency that enforces workers' right to unionize.
...
Many states have right-to-work laws which give workers in a unionized firm the right to choose whether or not to join the union.
If the state does not have a right-to-work law unions can force firms to make union membership a requirement for employment at the firm.
Washington lawmakers have debated a proposed federal law that would prevent firms from hiring permanent replacements for workers who are on strike.
This law would increase unions' market power and make strikes more costly for firms.
It would also decrease business activity, amount of employment, and total amount of wages paid by firms, and increase inflation.
… …
lawmakers debate a law
giin wa hōritsu o giron
議員は法律を議論
… …
List of states with right-to-work laws as of July 2026. ChatGPT:
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
Michigan is no longer included because its right-to-work law was repealed, effective February 13, 2024.
Virginia remains a right-to-work state because proposed repeal legislation failed during the 2026 legislative session.
The U.S. territory of Guam also has a right-to-work law.
Puerto Rico has no general law prohibiting private-sector union-security agreements under which employees may be required to pay union dues or equivalent fees as a condition of employment.
… …
Why don’t states make their own laws against firms hiring permanent replacements for workers on strike? CGPT:
States cannot prohibit permanent strike replacements for private-sector workers because federal labor law largely governs union-management relations and overrides conflicting state laws.
The National Labor Relations Act allows employees to strike while also permitting employers, during economic strikes, to continue operating by hiring permanent replacements.
A state ban would alter this federally established division of rights between workers and employers.

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